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}} The Ghaznavid dynasty ((ペルシア語:غزنویان)) was a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin〔''Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources'', Ed. Scott Cameron Levi and Ron Sela, (Indiana University Press, 2010), 83;''The Ghaznavids were a dynasty of Turkic slave-soldiers...''〕〔("Ghaznavid Dynasty" ) ''Encyclopædia Britannica''〕〔Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blair, The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Oxford University Press, 2009, Vol.2, p.163, (Online Edition ), "Turkish dominated mamluk regiments...dynasty of mamluk origin (the GHAZNAVID line) carved out an empire..."〕 at their greatest extent ruling large parts of Iran, much of Transoxiana, and North India from 977–1186.〔C.E. Bosworth: ''The Ghaznavids''. Edinburgh, 1963〕〔C.E. Bosworth, ("Ghaznavids" ) in ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', Online Edition 2006〕〔C.E. Bosworth, "Ghaznavids", in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Online Edition; Brill, Leiden; 2006/2007〕 The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin, upon his succession to rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was a breakaway ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh, north of the Hindu Kush in Greater Khorasan.〔Encyclopædia Britannica, ("Ghaznavid Dynasty" ), Online Edition 2007〕 Although the dynasty was of Central Asian Turkic origin, it was thoroughly Persianized in terms of language, culture, literature, and habits,〔David Christian: ''A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia''; Blackwell Publishing, 1998; pg. 370: "Though Turkic in origin () Alp Tegin, Sebuk Tegin and Mahmud were all thoroughly Persianized".〕〔J. Meri (Hg.), ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia'', "Ghaznavids", London u.a. 2006, p. 294: "The Ghaznavids inherited Samanid administrative, political, and cultural traditions and laid the foundations for a Persianate state in northern India. ..."〕〔Sydney Nettleton Fisher and William Ochsenwald, ''The Middle East: a history: Volume 1'', (McGraw-Hill, 1997); "Forced to flee from the Samanid domain, he captured Ghaznah and in 961 established the famed Persianate Sunnite Ghaznavid empire of Afghanistan and the Punjab in India".〕〔Meisami, Julie Scott, ''Persian historiography to the end of the twelfth century'', (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143. Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model..〕 and hence is regarded by some as a "Persian dynasty" rather than Turkic.〔〔〔B. Spuler: The Disintegration of the Caliphate in the East; in: P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis (Hrsg.): The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War; The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1a; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970; pg. 147: "One of the effects of the renaissance of the Persian spirit evoked by this work was that the Ghaznavids were also Persianized and thereby became a Persian dynasty."〕〔M.A. Amir-Moezzi, ("Shahrbanu" ), ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', Online Edition: "... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GHAZNAVIDS )〕〔B. Spuler, "The Disintegration of the Caliphate in the East", in the ''Cambridge History of Islam'', Vol. IA: ''The Central islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War'', ed. by P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970). pg 147: One of the effects of the renaissance of the Persian spirit evoked by this work was that the Ghaznavids were also Persianized and thereby became a Persian dynasty.〕〔Anatoly M Khazanov, André Wink, "Nomads in the Sedentary World", Routledge, 2padhte padhte to pagla jayega aadmi, ''A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia'', Blackwell Publishing, 1998. pg 370: "Though Turkic in origin and, apparently in speech, Alp Tegin, Sebuk Tegin and Mahmud were all thoroughly Persianized"〕〔Robert L. Canfield, Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 8: "The Ghaznavids (989–1149) were essentially Persianized Turks who in manner of the pre-Islamic Persians encouraged the development of high culture"〕〔John Perry. Iran & the Caucasus, Vol. 5, (2001), pp. 193–200. THE HISTORICAL ROLE OF TURKISH IN RELATION TO PERSIAN OF IRAN. Excerpt: "We should distinguish two complementary ways in which the advent of the Turks affected the language map of Iran. First, since the Turkish-speaking rulers of most Iranian polities from the Ghaznavids and Seljuks onward were already iranized and patronized Persian literature in their domains, the expansion of Turk-ruled empires served to expand the territorial domain of written Persian into the conquered areas, notably Anatolia and Central and South Asia. Secondly, the influx of massive Turkish-speaking populations (culminating with the rank and file of the Mongol armies) and their settlement in large areas of Iran (particularly in Azerbaijan and the northwest), progressively turkicized local speakers of Persian, Kurdish and other Iranian languages."(John Perry. Iran & the Caucasus, Vol. 5, (2001), pp. 193–200. THE HISTORICAL ROLE OF TURKISH IN RELATION TO PERSIAN OF IRAN)〕 Sabuktigin's son, Mahmud of Ghazni, declared independence from the Samanid Empire〔''The early Ghaznavids'', C.E. Bosworth, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4, ed. C. E. Bosworth, (Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 170〕 and expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the Amu Darya, the Indus River and the Indian Ocean in the East, and to Rey and Hamadan in the west. Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuq dynasty after the Battle of Dandanaqan, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Punjab, Pakistan, and Balochistan.〔''Truths and Lies: Irony and Intrigue in the Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī'', Soheila Amirsoleimani, Iranian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2, The Uses of Guile: Literary and Historical Moments (Spring, 1999), 243.〕〔''Ghaznawids'', B. Spuler, The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol II, Ed. B.Lewis, C. Pellat and J. Schacht, (Brill, 1991), 1051.〕 In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to the Ghurid king Ala al-Din Husayn. ==Rise to power== Two military families arose from the Turkic slave-guards of the Samanid Empire, the Simjurids and Ghaznavids, who ultimately proved disastrous to the Samanids. The Simjurids received an appanage in the Kohistan region of eastern Khorasan. The Samanid generals Alp Tigin and Abu al-Hasan Simjuri competed for the governorship of Khorasan and control of the Samanid Empire by placing on the throne emirs they could dominate after the death of Abd al-Malik I in 961. His death created a succession crisis between his brothers. A court party instigated by men of the scribal class — civilian ministers rather than Turkic generals — rejected the candidacy of Alp Tigin for the Samanid throne. Mansur I was installed instead, and Alp Tigin prudently retired to south of the Hindu Kush, where he captured Ghazna and became the ruler of the city as a Samanid authority.〔Encyclopædia Iranica, ("Ghaznavids" ), by C. Edmund Bosworth. December 15, 2001. Accessed July 3, 2012.〕 The Simjurids enjoyed control of Khorasan south of the Amu Darya but were hard-pressed by a third great Iranian dynasty, the Buyid dynasty, and were unable to survive the collapse of the Samanids and the subsequent rise of the Ghaznavids. The struggles of the Turkic slave generals for mastery of the throne with the help of shifting allegiance from the court's ministerial leaders both demonstrated and accelerated the Samanid decline. Samanid weakness attracted into Transoxiana the Karluks, a Turkic people who had recently converted to Islam. They occupied Bukhara in 992, establishing in Transoxania the Kara-Khanid Khanate. After Alp Tigin's death in 993, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim, followed by his slave Sabuktigin, took the throne. Sabuktigin's son Mahmud of Ghazni made an agreement with the Kara-Khanid Khanate whereby the Amu Darya was recognised as their mutual boundary. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ghaznavids」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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